Hay diferentes versiones de las consecuencias. Unos dicen que los aranceles están impuestos para quedarse para siempre, que es la única forma de defenderse de los diferentes inputs de producción de cada una de las economías… Otros ven que habrá una pronta marcha atrás… Lo que sí queda bastante claro es que no implica una guerra de aranceles una entrada en recesión… Subirán los precios y punto.
The Economic Impact of the Trade War
There is currently little doubt that the U.S. and China are in a trade war, where retaliation begets retaliation. Conflicts with Mexico, Canada, and the European Union are effectively in a temporary ceasefire, but remain unresolved. It’s unclear how long these conflicts will last and how far they will go. Yet, following President Trump’s decision last week to impose further tariffs on China, and China’s promise to retaliate, the stock market rose. This could simply reflect trade policy news fatigue, but more likely, the overall economic impact of trade policy disruptions has been minor and is projected to be limited even if trade tensions escalate. The longer-term effects are likely to be more consequential.
This summer, President Trump imposed 25% tariffs on $50 billion in Chinese goods ($34 billion on July 6 and $16 billion on August 23, mostly industrial inputs). China, which had warned of retaliation, responded with 25% tariffs on $50 billion in U.S. exports (agriculture and cars). In response, President Trump imposed 10% tariffs on an additional $200 billion in Chinese goods (intermediate goods, capital goods, and consumer goods) effective September 24, which will rise to 25% on January 1, 2019. The initial 10% was meant to limit the impact during the holiday shopping season. China indicated that it will respond with increased tariffs on U.S. exporters (including suppliers of inputs and capital equipment), but does not plan to weaken its currency. In turn, President Trump has threatened to impose tariffs on an additional $267 billion (effectively, all imports from China).
The focus on the U.S. trade deficit with China is misguided. Granted, China has been a bad player in global trade. However, the way to deal with that is through coordinated efforts with our allies (which is partly what the Trans Pacific Partnership was about). Our trade deficit with China is due to two key factors. The first is that the U.S. consumes more than it produces (or equivalently, we don’t save enough – and remember that the federal budget deficit, which has risen sharply, is part of national savings). The second is that China is generally an assembler, pulling in inputs from outside the country and exporting intermediate and finished goods. China’s current account surplus was 1.3% of GDP in 2017 – not large. The U.S. deficit with China is really a deficit with the rest of the world. Production (or assembly) may move to other countries, but China has massive capacity, and scale matters.
In recent decades, China’s economy has been centered on exports and infrastructure. It is now transitioning to a more balanced economy, developing more internal demand, especially consumption. The U.S. has a comparative advantage in services and has long maintained a surplus with the rest of the world, including China, in trade services. The current trade conflict threatens to leave the U.S. (and its companies) out of the growing Chinese market, potentially for a very long time. Trade policy has also created tensions with our key allies, Canada, Mexico, and the European Union.
Following WWII, the implementation of a global trading system was seen as a means to prevent further military conflict. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which began in 1948, significantly reduced tariffs and trade barriers. GATT was replaced by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1994. Trade agreements have cemented political alliances, making the world safer, and improving living standards. Is the WTO a perfect system? No, but that doesn’t mean you should dismantle it.
It’s long been assumed that President Trump could simply pull the U.S. out of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). However, it’s now unclear whether that is within his power. Article II-Section 2 of the Constitution gives the President the authority on treaties, but Article 1-Section 8 gives Congress the authority on commerce. So, is NAFTA a treaty or does it regulate commerce? That is an issue that would need to be decided by the Supreme Court, which would take some time to resolve.
Tariffs are not paid by the foreign country. They are a tax on U.S. consumers and businesses. Higher input costs may not be passed along fully, which means that they hurt manufacturer profit margins. The 20% tariff on imported washing machines led to a 20% rise in the price of domestically produced washing machines, but that matters little to the producer when you are paying more for steel and aluminum. This latest round of tariffs on Chinese goods matters more directly for the consumer (the list of products is here) and the final round (tariffs on the remained of imports from China) would amplify that impact.
Trade policy developments have had a significant impact on some sectors of the U.S. economy (farmers, users of steel and aluminum), but the overall impact has been minor. GDP growth in the remainder of the year may be a tenth of a percentage point or two lower than it would be otherwise (hardly noticeable), although that impact can be expected to pick up in 2019 (as the full tariff on Chinese goods goes into effect). Tariffs will add to consumer price inflation in the near term, but not necessarily over the long term. The key factor, which will be a focus for Fed policy, is inflation expectations.
By themselves, increased tariffs will not push the economy into a recession, but they could make a downturn worse than it would be otherwise. Supply chains will be reorganized and consumptions patterns may shift, but the U.S. economy will likely become more vulnerable to whatever economic shocks may come along in the future.
Y sin embargo, en este gráfico que ha hecho el Banco Central Europeo, vemos el impacto en el primer año de la imposición de aranceles para el crecimiento económico. Y curiosamente será negativo para EEUU y positivo para China:
Aunque los de Lombard son más agresivos y creen que China si que sufriría si hubiera una escalada máxima:
Es decir que si se aplican tarifas del 25% a un total de 453 billones de dólares, tendría un efecto de un -1,4% a su PIB. Veremos en que queda todo esto o si se vuelven a ver para establecer nuevos parámetros como piensa el mercado…, o pisan el freno y la marcha atrás.
Abrazos,
PD1: Y en este mundo globalizado, va a ser interesante como se portan unos y otros…: La tostadora de Thoma Thwaites
Matt Ridley en su libro El optimista racional:
En las dos horas desde que me levanté de la cama, me bañé con agua calentada por la compañía de gas North Sea, me afeité usando una maquinilla estadounidense con electricidad producida por carbón británico, comí una rebanada de pan hecha de trigo francés, untada con mantequilla neozelandesa y mermelada española, después me hice una taza de té utilizando hojas cultivadas en Sri Lanka, me vestí con ropas de algodón de la India y lana de Australia, con zapatos de cuero chino y goma malaya, y leí un periódico hecho de pulpa de celulosa finlandesa y tinta china. Ahora estoy sentado frente a un escritorio escribiendo en un teclado de plástico tailandés (que probablemente comenzó su vida en un pozo petrolero árabe) para poder mover electrones a través de un chip de silicio coreano y algunos cables de cobre chileno.
PD2: El sabernos Hijos de Dios nos da mucha tranquilidad y paz. No estamos solos en este mundo. Tenemos nuestra familia, padres, hermanos, hijos, amigos… Pero, sobre todo, le tenemos a Él que nos mima, nos acoge, nos perdona, que nos quiere a cada uno en especial, a todos, a los que le corresponden y a los que no. Mandó al Señor para salvarnos y no nos abandona nunca, se quedó con nosotros en la Eucaristía. Vivimos pensando que todo lo podemos nosotros solitos, cuando estamos en sus manos y Él nos provee. Con nuestro esfuerzo sólo, nada alcanzaríamos. Tenemos toda la libertad, que nos dio, pues nunca nos abandona, es nuestro Padre y somos sus hijos.
