Y se concentra en los mercados emergentes… Es el refugio a largo plazo para las inversiones, dado lo flojo que anda la UE y sus problemas internos y el riesgo de contagio…
World GDP
Global GDP growth was sluggish in the first three months of 2015, remaining at 2.7% year on year for a second consecutive quarter. Growth in the world economy has become increasingly reliant on just three countries: China, the United States and India were responsible for nearly 80% of global growth in the first three months of the year. The euro area’s slow recovery has continued; the 19-country bloc experienced 1.1% year-on-year growth in the first quarter of 2015 compared with 0.9% in the previous quarter. Leaving aside China and India, emerging markets struggled in the first quarter. They contributed less than 13% of global growth, the smallest proportion since late 2009.
Abrazos,
PD1: Cuánta razón tiene este gacho:
Los inversores deberían confiar en los mercados emergentes
¿Suben los tipos de interés en EEUU? Salgan de los mercados emergentes. ¿La eurozona no llega a un acuerdo con Grecia? Salgan de los mercados emergentes. ¿Problemas en algún país emergente?
Salgan inmediatamente de los mercados emergentes. Hay una creencia muy extendida según la cual, los mercados emergentes tienen un importante nivel de riesgo y volatilidad y, por tanto, están en primera línea cuando aumenta la aversión al riesgo. Así ha vuelto a ocurrir con las dudas sobre los aumentos de tipos de interés en EEUU y el estancamiento de las negociaciones con Grecia. La exposición de los inversores a los mercados emergentes se mantuvo en el mínimo de los últimos quince meses en junio, según un estudio de la gestora de fondos global de Bank of America Merrill Lynch.
Esa filosofía parece cada vez más desfasada. Desde la crisis financiera global, ha quedado demostrado que los riesgos en las economías avanzadas se habían subestimado.
Los inversores en estas economías tuvieron que aprender a familiarizarse con conceptos como el riesgo crediticio, algo bastante habitual entre sus homólogos de los mercados emergentes. El último ejemplo es el descenso de la liquidez y el aumento de la volatilidad de los mercados avanzados, características que normalmente se asociaban a los mercados emergentes. Además, en el caso de las economías emergentes, el vaso siempre suele verse medio vacío. No hay más que recordar la ralentización de su crecimiento, que, en muchos casos, fue debido a las reformas destinadas a obtener un crecimiento más sostenible. En cualquier caso, los países emergentes siguen creciendo a un ritmo más rápido que las economías desarrolladas. Según el FMI, está previsto que este año representen el 70% del crecimiento global. Un mayor problema reside en el escaso crecimiento de los países desarrollados, después de los estímulos introducidos desde que estalló la crisis. Por otra parte, en los últimos años se han anunciado ya varias crisis inminentes de las economías en desarrollo que nunca llegaron a materializarse. El secreto reside en sus regímenes cambiarios, más flexibles y en su elevado nivel de reservas. Un ejemplo de esto lo representa Rusia, que ha logrado soportar una pérdida total de acceso a los mercados financieros globales, algo que en el pasado habría tenido un mayor impacto.
En realidad, ahora que el poder de la política monetaria extraordinaria se está reduciendo, es probable que comience a mirarse con otros ojos a los mercados emergentes, rechazados durante tanto tiempo. Las valoraciones de los mercados avanzados tanto de los bonos como de las acciones son generosas; las rentabilidades parecen haber caído. Las acciones y bonos de las economías emergentes parecen mucho más atractivas en términos de rentabilidad futura, teniendo en cuenta su punto de partida. Los expertos de Pictet Asset Management pronostican unos retornos anualizados de dos dígitos de las acciones en el transcurso de esta década. Los mercados emergentes son arriesgados - pero al menos los inversores obtienen una recompensa por ese riesgo.
Es probable que un aumento de los tipos de interés de EEUU ponga a prueba a todos los mercados, después de tantos años de políticas relajadas. Y la venta instintiva de valores y bonos emergentes al primer indicio de problemas puede seguir estando vinculada al comportamiento del mercado. No obstante, es momento de que los inversores se cuestionen su validez.
PD2: No hacen más que construir infraestructuras…
Building for the Future: Infrastructure in Emerging Markets
There has been a recent debate about whether the end of the commodities “supercycle” is over, and if we are entering a new era of lower prices for natural resources, particularly oil. While no one can predict exactly where prices are headed next, one thing I do know is that demand for natural resources has continued to increase in emerging markets. Emerging economies in general have experienced stronger economic growth trends than developed markets over the past decade, a trend that I expect to continue. That growth, combined with rising populations and a trend toward urbanization, requires more infrastructure.
Of the 10 most populous countries in the world, eight are in emerging markets, and the emerging markets of China and India represent the largest countries in the world by population, each totaling more than one billion people.1 These people need food, clean water, energy, roads and housing. China is undergoing a trend toward urbanization, which we believe still has a ways to go and will drive the need for growth in these areas.
While the media has drawn attention to so-called “ghost cities” in China, claiming there has been overbuilding, visitors to China can easily see there remains a need for housing for all these new urban dwellers—and transportation to get them from place to place. The railway network in China is far more limited than that of major developed countries, even much smaller ones. China still needs to invest more in infrastructure; in our view, the game is not over. More roads are needed to accommodate the dramatically increased number of cars and trucks, while more train connections are needed to meet the rising travel demands of China’s billion people.
There certainly is a price cycle in various commodities, but I believe the demand for commodities globally should continue to increase. The price of oil is, of course, particularly volatile, but that price volatility doesn’t correlate to the movement in demand. When the price of a barrel of oil plummeted more than 25% in 2014, demand didn’t decrease by the same amount. Demand continues to increase. The US Energy Information Administration estimates that in 2014, global daily consumption of petroleum and other liquids grew by 0.9 million barrels/day to average 92.0 million barrels/day, and expects global consumption to grow by 1.3 million barrels/day in 2015 and 2016.2
Oil is not the only product in demand. In China, there has been an explosive growth in automobiles. With more gasoline-powered vehicles comes increased pollution—most of us know about the famous smog in Beijing. Catalytic converters, which contain palladium, help alleviate this pollution problem, so we expect demand for palladium should continue to rise. Incidentally, palladium is one commodity that did not suffer a decline in price in 2014 while many other commodity prices fell.
The 3rd Plenum of China’s Communist Party in 2013 announced various reforms related to infrastructure development, including private sector deregulation, resources pricing reform, and improvements in efficiency and resources allocation in state-owned enterprises. China has seen progress made in a number of key areas, as several sectors, including railways, have been opened up to private investment and the process for foreign investment approval has been simplified.
Some forecasters believe India will be growing even faster than China in the next decade. India is at what I would call the take-off stage; while gross domestic product growth has averaged about 7% over the past 10 years, I think India could be headed toward growth rates of 8%–9% in the decade ahead if reform efforts continue. Like China, India needs infrastructure.
Not only do emerging markets need infrastructure improvements, but globally, existing infrastructure in many developed regions has aged and is in need of significant repair, replacement or upgrade. A recent report from the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) revealed that the pace of essential structural reforms is slowing in many advanced economies, while at the same time, many emerging economies have been recently stepping up the pace of reforms.3 This accelerated pace of reform reflects the awareness of bottlenecks and growth constraints, and the need to reduce vulnerabilities in countries more sensitive to commodity price fluctuations, the report said. We have seen how the recent drop in oil prices has helped spur reform efforts in some emerging economies that have benefited from lower prices. They, thus, have been able to take advantage of this by removing subsidies, which can be costly for governments.
Sharply rising population and increasing wealth, coupled with economic growth and urbanization trends, especially in emerging-market regions, can support the development and accelerating growth of infrastructure assets. Meanwhile, fiscal constraints and low growth rates in many large developed economies could reduce potential government infrastructure spending in developed markets over the next 20 years.
We are seeing emerging markets respond to this need for infrastructure both by reforming and expanding at home as well as seeking greater foreign investment, in many cases from other emerging markets. As part of efforts to foster stronger relations with Latin America, China’s Premier Li Keqiang visited Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Chile in May, reaching agreements on production capacity cooperation and signing more than 70 cooperative documents in energy, mining, infrastructure, and scientific and technological innovation. The establishment of a US$30 billion fund to support production capacity cooperation was also announced. China and the Eurasian Economic Union, whose members include Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia, also signed a joint declaration to begin working on an economic and trade cooperation deal.
In April, China’s President Xi Jinping visited the frontier market of Pakistan, where various trade, energy and infrastructure agreements were signed as part of a US$46 billion plan toward establishing a China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, a network of roads, railways and pipelines.
Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited China in May where he met with President Xi Jinping and Premier Li Keqiang. In addition to cooperation agreements in sectors such as education and high-speed railways, investment agreements in renewable energy, ports and industrial parks, together worth about US$22 billion, were also signed by the two countries. Last month, Modi also announced a US$1 billion credit line to support infrastructure development in Mongolia.
We’ve also seen Brazil recently announce a new series of infrastructure projects, where roads, bridges, tunnels and a number of other projects will be privatized. Brazil has tried to privatize before, but in many cases the terms were too tough and investors were turned off by the prospects of funding unprofitable projects. Given weakness in Brazil’s economy today, the government is revising its stance and making the project offerings more attractive to investors. The winning bids will pay the government up front, which will help relieve its budget problem. I believe that with the private sector driving many of these new projects in Brazil, things will move faster and hopefully, the amount of corruption can be reduced. During Chinese Premier Li Keqiang’s trip to Brazil, more than 30 agreements worth a combined US$53 billion were signed in a number of sectors including infrastructure, trade, energy and mining.
Meanwhile, Thailand has been investing outside its borders, and is the second-largest foreign direct investor in Myanmar behind China, involved in areas from oil and gas exploration to financial services. Myanmar has also granted approvals to projects by investors in Japan, Singapore and South Korea. According to Myanmar’s Directorate of Investment and Company Administration (DICA), hundreds of companies in 38 foreign countries have so far invested more than US$55 billion in 12 sectors in Myanmar.4 We think Myanmar has the promise to become a large, dynamic market, and we see lots of potential opportunities there.
No matter where commodity prices are headed, we believe demand for infrastructure in emerging markets will likely continue. For that reason, we continue to be interested in natural resource stocks, as well as companies involved in infrastructure development.
Mark Mobius’s comments, opinions and analyses are for informational purposes only and should not be considered individual investment advice or recommendations to invest in any security or to adopt any investment strategy. Because market and economic conditions are subject to rapid change, comments, opinions and analyses are rendered as of the date of the posting and may change without notice. The material is not intended as a complete analysis of every material fact regarding any country, region, market, industry, investment or strategy.
Important Legal Information
All investments involve risks, including the possible loss of principal. Investments in foreign securities involve special risks including currency fluctuations, economic instability and political developments. Investments in emerging markets, of which frontier markets are a subset, involve heightened risks related to the same factors, in addition to those associated with these markets’ smaller size, lesser liquidity and lack of established legal, political, business and social frameworks to support securities markets. Because these frameworks are typically even less developed in frontier markets, as well as various factors including the increased potential for extreme price volatility, illiquidity, trade barriers and exchange controls, the risks associated with emerging markets are magnified in frontier markets. Stock prices fluctuate, sometimes rapidly and dramatically, due to factors affecting individual companies, particular industries or sectors, or general market conditions.
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2. Source: US Energy Information Administration Short-Term Energy Outlook, June 7, 2015. There is no assurance that any estimate or forecast will be realized.
3. Source: OECD (2015), “Economic Policy Reforms 2015, Going for Growth,” OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/growth-2015-en
PD3: Se preparan para el futuro…
El fabricante aeronáutico europeo Airbus prevé que en 20 años la flota global de aviones de más de 100 plazas se duplicará al pasar de los 19.000 actuales a unos 38.500 gracias, sobre todo, al tirón del tráfico aéreo en los países emergentes.
En sus previsiones publicadas hoy, coincidiendo con la apertura del Salón Aeronáutico de Le Bourget, al norte de París, indicó que de aquí a 2034 el crecimiento del transporte de pasajeros por avión progresará a un ritmo medio del 4,6 % anual. Para absorber esa evolución y la renovación de flotas de las compañías, harán faltas unos 32.600 aviones de un valor de alrededor de 4,9 billones de dólares, informa Efe.
Mientras en los países desarrollados de Europa y Norteamérica el tráfico de pasajeros subirá a un 3,8 % anual, en las economías emergentes la cadencia será del 5,8 %, y una de las consecuencias será que China se convertirá en el primer mercado (por delante de EEUU) en un plazo de un decenio. Según sus estimaciones, mientras en la actualidad un 25 % de la población de los países emergentes viaja en avión al menos una vez al año, en dos décadas la proporción será del 74 %.
Megaaviones para megaciudades
Otra de las tendencias destacadas es el peso de las que el estudio llama "megaciudades" en el tráfico de larga distancia, ya que pasarán de suponer el 90 % ahora (con 900.000 pasajeros al día) al 95 % para 2034 (con 2,3 millones de pasajeros por jornada). Por eso, Airbus calcula que de los 32.600 aeronaves que se venderán en ese periodo, 9.600 serán de gran capacidad (dos o más pasillos), con un valor de unos 2,7 billones de dólares.
Esas aeronaves de gran capacidad, según sus cálculos, significarán en torno al 30 % del total de las nuevas, pero el 55 % en valor. Y ahí es donde el constructor europeo espera rentabilizar su avión gigante A380, cuyo despegue comercial está tardando en llegar más de lo programado -de hecho el programa sólo debe empezar a dar beneficios al grupo en 2015-.
En cuanto a los aparatos de un solo pasillo, que son los que por el momento representan la gran fuente de ingresos de Airbus -y de su rival estadounidense Boeing-, de aquí a 2034 se venderán unos 23.000 por un valor de 2,2 billones de dólares.
Menos optimista que Boeing
Las previsiones de Airbus son, en cualquier caso, un poco menos optimistas que las de Boeing, que la semana pasada indicó que de aquí a 2034 se comercializarán 38.050 aviones nuevos, de forma que la flota global subirá hasta 43.560. Según el grupo estadounidense, las regiones Asia-Pacífico y Oriente Medio van a tener las mayores cadencias, con una progresión del 2,7 % anual del número de aeronaves, mientras en Latinoamérica y en África el ascenso será del 2,4 %, del 1,6 % en Europa y del 1,4 % en Norteamérica.
PD4: Cuando ves una iglesia de lejos sabes que el Señor está dentro, en el Sagrario. Yo cuando paso cerca de una iglesia suelo hacer una comunión espiritual, es decir, digo en bajo que me gustaría recibirle con aquella pureza, humildad y devoción con que le recibía la Virgen. En definitiva es como comulgar, pero sin comulgar. Y se puede hacer muchas veces, tantas como iglesias pases por delante. Y mira que Madrid está lleno… Me sirve para estar más con el Señor, llevarle más dentro de mí, recuerdas, los cristianos somos unos sagrarios andantes…
